Automated generation of QR codes with embedded images

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods for the automated generation of QR codes with embedded images therein are provided. The QR code has an active, machine-readable portion and a background portion. An example system comprises an image identification module to identify a human-readable image. A primitive creation module generates a primitive QR code. The primitive QR code comprises a machine-readable QR code having the image embedded in the QR code. An overlay interface module generates an intermediate QR code by modifying the active portion of the QR code using a first modification and modifying the background portion using a second modification.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This Application is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priorityto U.S. application Ser. No. 13/289,898, filed Nov. 4, 2011, which ishereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

COPYRIGHT NOTICE

A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains materialthat is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has noobjection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent documentor the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and TrademarkOffice patent files or records, but otherwise reserves all copyrightrights whatsoever. The following notice applies to the software and dataas described below and in the drawings that form a part of thisdocument: Copyright 2011 eBay, Inc., all rights reserved.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This patent document pertains generally to data communications, and moreparticularly, but not by way of limitation, to the automatic generationof QR codes with embedded images.

BACKGROUND

Quick response (QR) codes are a matrix bar code that stores data in twodimensions. Each QR code includes position, alignment, and timinginformation that is used by a QR code reader to read information storedby the QR code.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

Some embodiments are illustrated by way of example and not limitation inthe figures of the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example network environment inwhich various embodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic representation of a QR code generation system,according to an example embodiment.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating a method to embed an image in a QRcode, according to an example embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a high level diagram of one or more example tables that may bemaintained according to an example embodiment.

FIG. 5 is an example of a QR code having an image embedded therein.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of machine in the example form of a computersystem within which a set instructions, for causing the machine toperform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, may beexecuted.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerousspecific details are set forth in order to provide a thoroughunderstanding of some example embodiments. It will be evident, however,to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practicedwithout these specific details.

QR codes are used to store information in such a way that theinformation can be read using a machine called a QR code reader. QRcodes can be quickly generated using a software program installed on amachine. A smart phone or other mobile communication device equippedwith a camera can be easily configured to read QR codes. Because QRcodes are easy to generate and can store at least ten alphanumericcharacters, QR codes may be used to store an address of an Internetwebsite.

As such, QR codes are becoming ubiquitous in printed media, includingmedia published online. QR codes may be printed on newspapers,magazines, advertisements, flyers, business cards, signs, containers,and other surfaces. QR codes may be projected onto a screen or othersurface (e.g., a building). QR codes may be displayed on a computerscreen, touch screen, or the like. QR codes comprise an active portionreadable by a machine that is typically black and a background portionthat provides contrast to the active portions and is typically white.

QR codes include timing information encoded in a required pattern (see,e.g., FIG. 5, reference number 506). The timing information includes asequence of alternating black and white segments along a designatedhorizontal and a vertical portion of the QR code. Some publishers of QRcodes may insert an image into the QR code, and maintain themachine-readability of the QR code, by interrupting the timinginformation. For example, the publisher may insert a series of all blackor all white segments into the timing information causing the portionsof the QR code corresponding to the inserted picture to be ignored bythe QR code reader.

Because a user may be exposed to a large number of QR codes, the usermay ignore or disregard a QR code. Further, a user may download or savea QR code for later access knowing a website identified by the QR codeat the time of the download. However, the QR code is not readable by ahuman so the user may later forget the reason for downloading aparticular QR code. In some instances, the user may simply delete the QRcode without reading it or may re-download the QR code. A user may alsoreceive a QR code from another user in, for example, an email or imagemessage but the received QR code may not include a label or otherhuman-readable identifier for the user to determine the nature of theinformation stored by the QR code.

As such, it is desirable to add human-readable information to amachine-readable QR code without corrupting the machine-readableinformation. The human-readable information is embedded into the QR codeso that an image is discernable to the user but is invisible to amachine.

FIG. 1 is a network diagram depicting a client-server system 100, withinwhich one example embodiment may be deployed. A networked system 102, inthe example forms of a network-based marketplace or publication system,provides server-side functionality, via a network 104 (e.g., theInternet or Wide Area Network (WAN)) to one or more clients. FIG. 1illustrates, for example, a web client 106 (e.g., a browser, such as theInternet Explorer browser developed by Microsoft Corporation of Redmond,Washington State), and a programmatic client 108 executing on respectiveclient machines 110 and 112.

An Application Program Interface (API) server 114 and a web server 116are coupled to, and provide programmatic and web interfaces respectivelyto, one or more application servers 118. The application servers 118host one or more marketplace applications 120 and a QR code generationsystem 122. The application servers 118 are, in turn, shown to becoupled to one or more databases servers 124 that facilitate access toone or more databases 126.

The marketplace applications 120 may provide a number of marketplacefunctions and services to users that access the networked system 102.The marketplace applications 120 may publish or distribute QR codes asonline content. The QR code generation system 122 may accordinglyprovide a QR generation and modification service to the marketplaceapplications 120 or to users. While the marketplace applications 120 andthe QR code generation system 122 are shown in FIG. 1 to both form partof the networked system 102, it will be appreciated that, in alternativeembodiments, the QR code generation system 122 may form part of a QRcode provisioning system that is separate and distinct from thenetworked system 102.

Further, while the system 100 shown in FIG. 1 employs a client-serverarchitecture, the present invention is of course not limited to such anarchitecture, and could equally well find application in a distributedor peer-to-peer architecture system, for example. The variousmarketplace applications 120 and the QR code generation system 122 canalso be implemented as standalone software programs, which do notnecessarily have networking capabilities.

The web client 106 accesses the various marketplace applications 120 andthe QR code generation system 122 via the web interface supported by theweb server 116. Similarly, the programmatic client 108 accesses thevarious services and functions provided by the marketplace applications120 and the QR code generation system 122 via the programmatic interfaceprovided by the API server 114. The programmatic client 108 may, forexample, be a seller application (e.g., the TurboLister applicationdeveloped by eBay Inc., of San Jose, Calif.) to enable sellers to authorand manage listings on the networked system 102 in an off-line manner,and to perform batch-mode communications between the programmatic client108 and the networked system 102.

FIG. 1 also illustrates a third party application 128, executing on athird party server machine 130, as having programmatic access to thenetworked system 102 via the programmatic interface provided by the APIserver 114. For example, the third party application 128 may, utilizinginformation retrieved from the networked system 102, support one or morefeatures or functions on a website hosted by the third party. The thirdparty website may, for example, provide one or more promotional,marketplace, or payment functions that are supported by the relevantapplications of the networked system 102.

FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic representation of a QR code generation system200, according to an example embodiment. In some instances, the QR codegeneration system 200 is the QR code generation system 122. In otherinstances, the QR code generation system 200 may be a stand-alone systemor be implemented to provide a web-based service. The QR code generationsystem 200 may comprise a number of modules implemented in hardware,software, or a combination of hardware and software. The QR codegeneration system 200 generates a machine-readable QR code having ahuman-readable image embedded therein.

An image identification module 202 is configured to identify an image tobe embedded in a QR code. The image may be received as a selection froma user, may be generated by the user, or may be otherwise identified.The image may include one or more alphanumeric characters. The imageidentification module 202 may evaluate the image to determine that theimage meets one or more requirements before being embedded. Theserequirements may include a minimum resolution, a maximum number ofcolors, a maximum size, or the like.

A primitive creation module 204 is configured to generate a primitive QRcode based on the identified image. Prior to generating the primitive QRcode, the primitive creation module 204 may resize the image so that theimage has the same dimensions as the QR code. If the image has largerdimensions than the QR code, the primitive creation module 204 mayshrink or crop the image. If the image has smaller dimensions than theQR code, the primitive creation module may expand or magnify the imageor add a border around the image.

The primitive QR code comprises a first iteration of a QR code having animage embedded therein. The primitive QR code may include a QR code thatis not necessarily machine-readable and an image that is not necessarilyhuman-readable. The primitive QR code may be generated in a variety ofways. For example, the primitive QR code may be generated according to aversion of the QR code selected by the user, or a version of the QR codemay be automatically selected based on a number of alphanumericcharacters to be encoded in the QR code.

For example, the primitive may be generated by creating amachine-readable QR code on a solid-color background (e.g., creating ablack-color QR code on a white background) and overlaying the image ontothe generated QR code. The solid-color background may be white, black,or another color. The color of the solid-color background may beselected based on a characteristic of the image. For example, if theimage contains mostly dark colors, the solid-color background may beblack. The QR code itself may appear white on the black background. Ifthe image contains mostly light colors, a white background and black QRcode may be selected. In some instances, the brightness of the image maybe determined automatically or be received as an input from the user.

In other embodiments, the QR code may be generated on the image so thatthe image itself is the background of the generated QR code. The imagemay be analyzed to determine if the image contains mostly dark colors ormostly light colors. If the image contains mostly light colors, the QRcode may be generated in black. If the image contains mostly darkcolors, the QR code may be generated in white. The QR code may begenerated in other colors as well.

The primitive QR code may not necessarily be human-readable ormachine-readable. The primitive QR code may include any number of colorsor textures. Further, the primitive QR code may have boundaries that donot vary from a QR code that has a typical white or black background.For example, the primitive QR code may have a same square shape as atypical QR code.

After the primitive QR code is generated, an overlay interface module206 of the QR code generation system 200 may generate a user interfaceto display the primitive QR code. The overlay interface module 206 isfurther configured to receive input from a user that is used to modifythe primitive QR code to generate a final QR code.

Unlike existing graphics engines or applications, the overlay interfacemodule 206 is configured to identify locations within the primitive QRcode that form part of the machine-readable QR code and distinguishthose locations from portions of the primitive QR code that correspondto the embedded image. The overlay interface module 206 further, inresponse to a single user input, automatically modifies portions of, orthe entirety of, the primitive QR code differently. It is noted that,one or more modifications may be made sequentially to the primitive QRcode. Each modification may result in an intermediate QR code that maybe further modified by the user and/or the overlay interface module 206.

The overlay interface module 206 may provide one or more mechanisms usedto modify the primitive QR code or the intermediate QR code. Forexample, the overlay interface module 206 may provide a mechanismwhereby the user may modify a property of the primitive QR code or theintermediate QR code. For example, the mechanisms may include a tool foradjusting a saturation level, a brightness level, or a contrast levelwithin the primitive or intermediate QR code.

The mechanisms may allow the user to dictate that a background portionof the primitive QR code or intermediate QR code is modifiedindependently from the generated QR code itself. Conversely, themechanisms may allow the user to dictate that the generated QR code ofthe primitive QR code or intermediate QR code is modified independentlyfrom the background. In some instances, the background may be modifiedwithout modifying the QR code and the QR code may be modified withoutmodifying the background.

A testing module 208 determines whether the primitive QR code orintermediate QR code is machine-readable. The testing module 208accesses the primitive QR code or intermediate QR code and provides anindication of whether the tested QR code is machine-readable. In someinstances, the testing module 208 provides an indication that includesthe decrypted alphanumeric characters read from the QR code. In someembodiments, the overlay interface module 206 may automatically requestthat each intermediate QR code be tested. The overlay interface module206 may provide the indication as to whether the tested QR code ismachine-readable within the user interface generated by the overlayinterface module 206.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating a method 300 to embed an image in aQR code, according to an example embodiment. The method 300 may beperformed by the QR code generation system 200. The method 300 may beperformed automatically, without human intervention, using one or moremachines. In some embodiments, the method 300 may be performed via oneor more Internet websites.

In an operation 302, an image to be embedded in a QR code is identifiedby the image identification module 202. The image may be manuallyidentified by a user or may be automatically identified by a machine.For example, if a QR is to be generated to identify an Internet websitehaving a listing describing items for sale, a machine may automaticallyidentify an image of the item from a plurality of images of the item. Insome embodiments, the image may be resized to match the dimensions ofthe QR code.

In an operation 304, a QR code is generated by the primitive creationmodule 204. The QR code may be generated as a black QR code on a whitebackground, as a white QR code on a black background, or as a QR code onthe image. In embodiments where the image is the background used togenerate the QR code, the QR code may be black, white, or any othercolor. The color of the QR code may be determined based on one or morecolors included in the image or a distribution of the colors included inthe image. The color may be determined manually by a user orautomatically by the primitive creation module 204 based on an analysisof the image.

If the QR code is generated on a white background or a black background,the image is overlaid with the QR code in an optional operation 306. TheQR code may be overlaid with the image or the image may be overlaid withthe QR code by the primitive creation module 204. In some instances, theuser may provide one or more inputs that affect the image overlay. Forexample, a user may dictate a percent transparent of the image or the QRcode.

In an operation 308, a primitive QR code is displayed to the user in agraphical user interface by the overlay interface module 206. Theprimitive QR code may or may not be machine-readable. Further, the imagemay or may not be human-readable. By “not human-readable,” the image maynot be discernable from the QR code by a human or the image may not bereadily recognizable by the human. In instances where the imagecomprises one or more alphanumeric characters, the characters may not bereadable by a human.

In an operation 310, the primitive QR code is modified according to oneor more available modifications. The modification may be selectedautomatically, without human intervention, or manually by a user. Themodifications may affect the entire QR code and image, or only a portionof the QR code. The affected portion may be the image (e.g., portions ofthe background of the QR code) or the QR code. Some modifications mayaffect both the image and the QR code but affect both portionsdifferently.

In one example, an available modification may operate to change a colorsaturation level of the image and the QR code. To illustrate, if theimage is a red symbol on a white background, a black QR code may begenerated. The black QR code may overlap or block both white and redportions of the image. The modification to change the color saturationlevel may cause the red portions of the image blocked by the black QRcode to be changed into a more saturated (e.g., darker) red. Themodification may further cause the white portions of the image blockedby the black QR code to be turned into a less saturated (e.g., lighter)red.

In some instances, different portions of the QR code or image may bemodified differently. For example, an image may include a foreground anda background. A user or a machine may determine the portions of theimage corresponding to the foreground and the background, respectively.The QR code may overlap portions of both the foreground and thebackground. In these instances, the portions of the foreground thatoverlap the QR code may be modified differently that the portions of thebackground that overlap the QR code. Likewise, the portions of the QRcode that overlap with the foreground of the image may be modifieddifferently than portions of the QR code that overlay with thebackground of the image.

In an operation 312, the modified QR code is displayed to the user as anintermediate QR code in a user interface. The intermediate QR code mayor may not be machine-readable or human-readable. The intermediate QRcode may have the same dimensions as the QR code of operation 304 andthe primitive QR code of operation 308.

In an operation 314, a determination is made as to whether theintermediate QR code is readable by a machine. The user interface mayinclude an indication as to whether the QR code is machine-readable. Afurther determination may be made by the user as to whether theintermediate QR code is readable by a human (e.g., the user). To behuman-readable, the user may determine whether he can discern the imagefrom the QR code.

If the intermediate QR is not readable by the machine or the user, themethod 300 returns to operation 310 to further modify the QR code. Theintermediate QR code may undergo any number of modifications, repeatingoperations 310, 312, and 314 any number of times. The QR code may befurther modified if it is not machine-readable, if it is nothuman-readability, or to improve the readability of the intermediate QRcode.

In an operation 316, if the QR code can be accurately read by a machine,the QR code with the embedded image is provided to the user. The QR codewith an embedded image may be a downloadable image file that can bedistributed over a data communication network or a printable image thatcan be printed on one or more objects.

FIG. 4 is a high level diagram of one or more example tables that may bemaintained in the databases 126 that are utilized by the QR codegeneration system 200 according to an example embodiment.

An image table 402 contains information about the image. The informationmay include an image file or a pointer to an image file. An image fileis composed of pixels, vector (geometric) data, or a combination of thetwo. The pixels that constitute an image are ordered as a grid (columnsand rows); each pixel consists of numbers representing magnitudes ofbrightness and color. The image table 402 may include resizinginformation about the image for changing the dimensions of the image sothat it matches the dimensions of a QR code. The image table 402 mayfurther include an indication corresponding to each pixel that indicateswhether the pixel is in the foreground or the background of the image.In some embodiments, the image may have multiple layers, in addition tothe foreground and the background.

A QR code table 404 contains information about the QR code. In someembodiments, the QR code may be an image file. In some instances, foreach pixel in the QR code, the QR code table 404 may include anadditional indication as to whether the pixel is part of the QR code(e.g., the black portions of the QR code) or part of the background ofthe QR code (e.g., the white background of the QR code).

A modification table 406 contains information about the primitive QRcodes and/or intermediate QR codes generated by the QR code generationsystem 200. The modification table 406 may comprise an image file orinclude a pointer to an image file used to store the intermediate QRcode. The modification table 406 may include, for each pixel, additionalpieces of information. The first additional piece of information mayinclude an indication as to whether the pixel in the intermediate QRcode corresponds to a pixel in the image background or the imageforeground. The second additional piece of information may include anindication as to whether the pixel in the intermediate QR codecorresponds to a pixel in the QR code or the background of the QR code.

A final QR code table 408 contains information about the QR code withthe embedded image provided to the user. The final QR code table 408 maycomprise an image file having a readily available file format. The finalQR code table 408 may not include the additional information included inthe modification table 406.

FIG. 5 is an example of a QR code having an image embedded therein 500.As depicted, the QR code is depicted as having an image of a circled red“A” on a white background. The QR code and the image have approximatelythe same dimensions. The QR code appears as a whole and is not dividedinto two or more portions. However, in other embodiments, the QR codemay be divided into two or more portions where the embedded imageappears within one or more of the portions.

In the image, the “A” is the foreground of the image while the circlearound the “A” is a background of the image. The image may have asecond, white background or the QR code itself may be generated on awhite background that appears as the background in QR code 500.

The circled portion 502 encloses a machine-readable portion of the QRcode 500 where the foreground of the image overlaps with a portion ofthe QR code. As depicted, the portions of the image foreground thatoverlap with a black portion of the QR code are a bright, tomato red inthe portion 502. In the portion 502, the portions of the imageforeground that overlap with the white background of the QR code are alighter, pink color.

The circled portion 504 encloses a machine-readable portion of the QRcode 500 where the background of the image overlaps with a portion ofthe QR code. As depicted, the portions of the image background thatoverlap with a black portion of the QR code are a darker, burgundy redin the portion 502. In the portion 504, the portions of the imageforeground that overlap with the white background of the QR code are alighter, gray color.

It is further noted that part of circled portion 504 of the embeddedimage overlaps with timing information included in the QR code. Boxes506 indicate the location of the timing information within the QR code.The timing information is a series of alternating active and backgroundportions of the QR code. As shown, the image is embedded in the QR code500 without interrupting the timing pattern with a series of two or moreactive portions or two or more background portions of the QR code. Assuch, the timing portion of the QR code is said to be continuous. Theoriginal dimensions of the generated QR code are maintained after theimage is embedded into the QR code.

Modules, Components and Logic

Certain embodiments are described herein as including logic or a numberof components, modules, or mechanisms. Modules may constitute eithersoftware modules (e.g., code embodied (1) on a non-transitorymachine-readable medium or (2) in a transmission signal) orhardware-implemented modules. A hardware-implemented module is tangibleunit capable of performing certain operations and may be configured orarranged in a certain manner. In example embodiments, one or morecomputer systems (e.g., a standalone, client or server computer system)or one or more processors may be configured by software (e.g., anapplication or application portion) as a hardware-implemented modulethat operates to perform certain operations as described herein.

In various embodiments, a hardware-implemented module may be implementedmechanically or electronically. For example, a hardware-implementedmodule may comprise dedicated circuitry or logic that is permanentlyconfigured (e.g., as a special-purpose processor, such as a fieldprogrammable gate array (FPGA) or an application-specific integratedcircuit (ASIC)) to perform certain operations. A hardware-implementedmodule may also comprise programmable logic or circuitry (e.g., asencompassed within a general-purpose processor or other programmableprocessor) that is temporarily configured by software to perform certainoperations. It will be appreciated that the decision to implement ahardware-implemented module mechanically, in dedicated and permanentlyconfigured circuitry, or in temporarily configured circuitry (e.g.,configured by software) may be driven by cost and time considerations.

Accordingly, the term “hardware-implemented module” should be understoodto encompass a tangible entity, be that an entity that is physicallyconstructed, permanently configured (e.g., hardwired) or temporarily ortransitorily configured (e.g., programmed) to operate in a certainmanner and/or to perform certain operations described herein.Considering embodiments in which hardware-implemented modules aretemporarily configured (e.g., programmed), each of thehardware-implemented modules need not be configured or instantiated atany one instance in time. For example, where the hardware-implementedmodules comprise a general-purpose processor configured using software,the general-purpose processor may be configured as respective differenthardware-implemented modules at different times. Software mayaccordingly configure a processor, for example, to constitute aparticular hardware-implemented module at one instance of time and toconstitute a different hardware-implemented module at a differentinstance of time.

Hardware-implemented modules can provide information to, and receiveinformation from, other hardware-implemented modules. Accordingly, thedescribed hardware-implemented modules may be regarded as beingcommunicatively coupled. Where multiple of such hardware-implementedmodules exist contemporaneously, communications may be achieved throughsignal transmission (e.g., over appropriate circuits and buses) thatconnect the hardware-implemented modules. In embodiments in whichmultiple hardware-implemented modules are configured or instantiated atdifferent times, communications between such hardware-implementedmodules may be achieved, for example, through the storage and retrievalof information in memory structures to which the multiplehardware-implemented modules have access. For example, onehardware-implemented module may perform an operation, and store theoutput of that operation in a memory device to which it iscommunicatively coupled. A further hardware-implemented module may then,at a later time, access the memory device to retrieve and process thestored output. Hardware-implemented modules may also initiatecommunications with input or output devices, and can operate on aresource (e.g., a collection of information).

The various operations of example methods described herein may beperformed, at least partially, by one or more processors that aretemporarily configured (e.g., by software) or permanently configured toperform the relevant operations. Whether temporarily or permanentlyconfigured, such processors may constitute processor-implemented modulesthat operate to perform one or more operations or functions. The modulesreferred to herein may, in some example embodiments, compriseprocessor-implemented modules.

Similarly, the methods described herein may be at least partiallyprocessor-implemented. For example, at least some of the operations of amethod may be performed by one or processors or processor-implementedmodules. The performance of certain of the operations may be distributedamong the one or more processors, not only residing within a singlemachine, but deployed across a number of machines. In some exampleembodiments, the processor or processors may be located in a singlelocation (e.g., within a home environment, an office environment or as aserver farm), while in other embodiments the processors may bedistributed across a number of locations.

The one or more processors may also operate to support performance ofthe relevant operations in a “cloud computing” environment or as a“software as a service” (SaaS). For example, at least some of theoperations may be performed by a group of computers (as examples ofmachines including processors), these operations being accessible via anetwork (e.g., the Internet) and via one or more appropriate interfaces(e.g., Application Program Interfaces (APIs).)

Electronic Apparatus and System

Example embodiments may be implemented in digital electronic circuitry,or in computer hardware, firmware, software, or in combinations of them.Example embodiments may be implemented using a computer program product,e.g., a computer program tangibly embodied in an information carrier,e.g., in a machine-readable medium for execution by, or to control theoperation of, data processing apparatus, e.g., a programmable processor,a computer, or multiple computers.

A computer program can be written in any form of programming language,including compiled or interpreted languages, and it can be deployed inany form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, subroutine,or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. A computerprogram can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiplecomputers at one site or distributed across multiple sites andinterconnected by a communication network.

In example embodiments, operations may be performed by one or moreprogrammable processors executing a computer program to performfunctions by operating on input data and generating output. Methodoperations can also be performed by, and apparatus of exampleembodiments may be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry,e.g., a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or an application-specificintegrated circuit (ASIC).

The computing system can include clients and servers. A client andserver are generally remote from each other and typically interactthrough a communication network. The relationship of client and serverarises by virtue of computer programs running on the respectivecomputers and having a client-server relationship to each other. Inembodiments deploying a programmable computing system, it will beappreciated that that both hardware and software architectures requireconsideration. Specifically, it will be appreciated that the choice ofwhether to implement certain functionality in permanently configuredhardware (e.g., an ASIC), in temporarily configured hardware (e.g., acombination of software and a programmable processor), or a combinationof permanently and temporarily configured hardware may be a designchoice. Below are set out hardware (e.g., machine) and softwarearchitectures that may be deployed, in various example embodiments.

Example Machine Architecture and Machine-Readable Medium

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of machine in the example form of a computersystem 600 within which instructions, for causing the machine to performany one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, may be executed.In alternative embodiments, the machine operates as a standalone deviceor may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networkeddeployment, the machine may operate in the capacity of a server or aclient machine in server-client network environment, or as a peermachine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. Themachine may be a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box(STB), a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a cellular telephone, a webappliance, a network router, switch or bridge, or any machine capable ofexecuting instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions tobe taken by that machine. Further, while only a single machine isillustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken to include anycollection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (ormultiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of themethodologies discussed herein.

The example computer system 600 includes a processor 602 (e.g., acentral processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU) orboth), a main memory 604 and a static memory 606, which communicate witheach other via a bus 608. The computer system 600 may further include avideo display unit 610 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD), a cathoderay tube (CRT), or a touch screen). The computer system 600 alsoincludes an alphanumeric input device 612 (e.g., a keyboard or a touchscreen), a user interface (UI) navigation device 614 (e.g., a mouse or atouch screen), a disk drive unit 616, a signal generation device 618(e.g., a speaker) and a network interface device 620.

Machine-Readable Medium

The disk drive unit 616 includes a machine-readable medium 622 on whichis stored one or more sets of instructions and data structures (e.g.,software) 624 embodying or utilized by any one or more of themethodologies or functions described herein. The instructions 624 mayalso reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory604 and/or within the processor 602 during execution thereof by thecomputer system 600, the main memory 604 and the processor 602 alsoconstituting machine-readable media.

While the machine-readable medium 622 is shown in an example embodimentto be a single medium, the term “machine-readable medium” may include asingle medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributeddatabase, and/or associated caches and servers) that store the one ormore instructions or data structures. The term “machine-readable medium”shall also be taken to include any tangible medium that is capable ofstoring, encoding or carrying instructions for execution by the machineand that cause the machine to perform any one or more of themethodologies of the present invention, or that is capable of storing,encoding or carrying data structures utilized by or associated with suchinstructions. The term “machine-readable medium” shall accordingly betaken to include, but not be limited to, solid-state memories, andoptical and magnetic media. Specific examples of machine-readable mediainclude non-volatile memory, including by way of example semiconductormemory devices, e.g., Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM),Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM), and flashmemory devices; magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removabledisks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks.

Transmission Medium

The instructions 624 may further be transmitted or received over acommunications network 626 using a transmission medium. The instructions624 may be transmitted using the network interface device 620 and anyone of a number of well-known transfer protocols (e.g., HTTP). Examplesof communication networks include a local area network (“LAN”), a widearea network (“WAN”), the Internet, mobile telephone networks, Plain OldTelephone (POTS) networks, and wireless data networks (e.g., WiFi andWiMax networks). The term “transmission medium” shall be taken toinclude any intangible medium that is capable of storing, encoding orcarrying instructions for execution by the machine, and includes digitalor analog communications signals or other intangible media to facilitatecommunication of such software.

Although an embodiment has been described with reference to specificexample embodiments, it will be evident that various modifications andchanges may be made to these embodiments without departing from thebroader spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, thespecification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative ratherthan a restrictive sense. The accompanying drawings that form a parthereof, show by way of illustration, and not of limitation, specificembodiments in which the subject matter may be practiced. Theembodiments illustrated are described in sufficient detail to enablethose skilled in the art to practice the teachings disclosed herein.Other embodiments may be utilized and derived therefrom, such thatstructural and logical substitutions and changes may be made withoutdeparting from the scope of this disclosure. This Detailed Description,therefore, is not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope ofvarious embodiments is defined only by the appended claims, along withthe full range of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.

Such embodiments of the inventive subject matter may be referred toherein, individually and/or collectively, by the term “invention” merelyfor convenience and without intending to voluntarily limit the scope ofthis application to any single invention or inventive concept if morethan one is in fact disclosed. Thus, although specific embodiments havebeen illustrated and described herein, it should be appreciated that anyarrangement calculated to achieve the same purpose may be substitutedfor the specific embodiments shown. This disclosure is intended to coverany and all adaptations or variations of various embodiments.Combinations of the above embodiments, and other embodiments notspecifically described herein, will be apparent to those of skill in theart upon reviewing the above description.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system comprising: a memory that storesinstructions; one or more processors configured by the instructions toperform operations comprising: automatically identifying ahuman-readable image of an item from a sales listing describing theitem; generating a first QR code, the first QR code comprising amachine-readable QR code having the human-readable image embeddedtherein, the first QR code having an active portion and a backgroundportion; displaying the first QR code; receiving a command; in responseto receiving the command, modifying the first QR code to generate asecond QR code; verifying that the second QR code is machine-readable;and based on the verification, providing the second QR code.
 2. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors is configured togenerate the first QR code by overlaying the human-readable image ontothe machine-readable QR code.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the oneor more processors is configured to resize the human-readable image sothat the human-readable image has the same dimensions as themachine-readable QR code.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the one ormore processors is configured to generate the first QR code byoverlaying the machine-readable QR code onto the human-readable image.5. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors isconfigured to identify a background of the human-readable image and aforeground of the human-readable image.
 6. The system of claim 1,wherein the one or more processors is configured to modify a backgroundof the human-readable image using a first modification and to modify aforeground of the human-readable image using a second modification. 7.The system of claim 1, wherein the human-readable image, themachine-readable QR code, and the first QR code have approximately thesame dimensions.
 8. The system of claim 1, wherein a portion of thehuman-readable image within the first QR code overlaps with one or moremachine readable portions of the first QR code.
 9. The system of claim1, wherein timing information is encoded in the first QR code andwherein the timing information includes a continuous series ofalternating active portions and background portions.
 10. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the one or more processors is configured to access a QRcode table that includes an indication, for each pixel of the first QRcode, whether the pixel corresponds to the active portion of the firstQR code.
 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more processorsis configured to access an image table that indicates, for each pixel ofthe human-readable image, a layer of the human-readable imagecorresponding to the pixel.
 12. The system of claim 1, wherein the oneor more processors is configured to access a modification table thatindicates, for each pixel of the first QR code, whether the pixelcorresponds to the active portion of the first QR code and a layer ofthe human-readable image corresponding to the pixel.
 13. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the one or more processors is configured to determineif the human-readable image meets one or more embedding requirements.14. A method comprising: automatically identifying, by one or moreprocessors, a human-readable image of an item from a sales listingdescribing the item; generating a first QR code, the first QR codecomprising a machine-readable QR code having the human-readable imageembedded therein, the first QR code having an active portion and abackground portion; displaying the first QR code; receiving a command;in response to receiving the command, modifying, by the one or moreprocessors, the first QR code to generate a second QR code; verifyingthat the second QR code is machine-readable; and based on theverification, providing, by the one or more processors, the second QRcode.
 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising generating thefirst QR code by overlaying the human-readable image onto themachine-readable QR code.
 16. The method of claim 14, further comprisinggenerating the first QR code by overlaying the machine-readable QR codeonto the human-readable image.
 17. The method of claim 14, furthercomprising accessing a modification table that indicates, for each pixelof the first QR code, whether the pixel corresponds to the activeportion of the first QR code and a layer of the human-readable imagecorresponding to the pixel.
 18. A non-transitory machine-readable mediumthat stores instructions that, when executed by one or more machines,cause the one or more machines to perform operations comprising:automatically identifying a human-readable image of an item from a saleslisting describing the item; generating a first QR code, the first QRcode comprising a machine-readable QR code having the human-readableimage embedded therein, the first QR code having an active portion and abackground portion; displaying the first QR code; receiving a command;in response to receiving the command, modifying the first QR code togenerate a second QR code; verifying that the second QR code ismachine-readable; and based on the verification, providing the second QRcode.